What Everyone Is Saying About Julius Caesar Essay Topics Is Wrong and Why

What Everyone Is Saying About Julius Caesar Essay Topics Is Wrong and Why Although the conspirators are the principal antagonists, they aren't the only characters using manipulation to reach their ends. This demonstrates he knows the way to use brain rather than force and violence to receive whatever he wants. Cassius exits to tackle another region of the crowd. Cassius exits to address another portion of the group. We are going to take a look straight away. It couldn't take days to go for an outfit. An excellent leader has to be able to create his own decisions because if he cannot, he is going to be considered a weak leader. A nation's leader has to be in a position to communicate with the folks as well because if he gets the folks of the nation to listen, then his job would be a lot simpler. If you're trying to find F 451 essay help, there's present a few ideas which may be of assistance. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. More or less every essay starts off with an exceptional issue idea. There are numerous essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the authentic list of the very best. This writing company makes sure their papers are all the excellent quality and all the customers are pleased. Our staff creators wish to aid you to publish a wonderful essay on a selection of subjects. If you're on the lookout for F 451 essay help, there's present a couple of recommendations that might be of assistance. The issue is that most students aren't very good academic writers. 1 sort of essay is expository, which intends to explain or describe a notion. It's a profession where the therapist applies some manual tactics, and could apply at adjunctive therapies. Your summarize is really essentially the most significant segments of the publishing procedure, so make sure to set in the majority of hard work. To find out more about essay writing, have a look at this page. DRUID'S CIRCLES A Druid's Circle is a favorite name for circles of standing stones like Stonehenge, that's the most renowned example. No matter the reason, everyone knows that you'd like to reveal throughout the best essay feasible. The topic ought to be relatively complex, but not so challenging. Every one of these topics asks for descriptions or explanation on unique facets of the play. In the event you accomplish lots of exploration, and have superb info, you will most probably compose an exceptionally strong newspaper on Caesar. Although this excerpt was proofread, occasional errors may appear as a result of the scanning approach. It's an error of only a single day about every 3,225 decades. History has such means of turning around. The End of Julius Caesar Essay Topics Julius Caesar is the man who was praised for what Rome managed to achieve at that moment. He starts out with power and of course he does not want to listen to other people. He came up with a brilliant plan to quickly defeat Pompey's scattered forces and gain control of Rome. He was a significant author. This lie is critical to the narrative for the reason that it convinces Caesar to attend the senate where his murder happens. Brutus' very first statement to the crowds is they should listen to him because he's honorable, which ought to engender respect for him. The creators who've supplied this sort of wonderful help inside this report, will be quite delighted to compose your Julius Caesar essay for everybody. In case you really accomplish a good deal of investigation, and take outstanding notes, you will almost certainly write an unbelievably productive paper on Caesar. Brutus is the sole conspirator who doesn't act out of jealousy and envy. Brutus is extremely near Caesar. Then Brutus makes the decision to kill himself. Marcus Brutus had an extremely important part in the conspiracy against Caesar.

Physician Assisted Suicide Should It Be Legal Or Banned...

Physician-Assisted Suicide: should it be legal or banned According to s. 241 (b) of the Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, it is a crime in Canada to assist a person to end his own life. People who are grievously and irremediably ill can not seek physician-assisted suicide in dying and may be condemned to a life of intolerable suffering. This bill makes the patients lose the right of independent choice and brings more pain to their families. It is no doubt that the legalization of physician-assisted death and euthanasia is beneficial to both society and family. The legalization of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia has a positive effect on the society, and it is more conducive to social stability. When the patients suffer from an irreversible physical and psychological pain, they face this prospect with two options: they can end their own life prematurely, often by suicide, or they can suffer until death by natural causes. If they choose suicide, it will be a negative effect on society. On the other hand, according to the World Health Organization, nearly 50 percent of Africans are not entitled to any medical services, so this fact has caused the social justice imbalance and serious social contradictions. If euthanasia is decriminalized, not only be able to let the sick patient end their own life with dignity, but also conducive to the conservation and utilization of resources. There are some legal experts take antithetical attitudes towards euthanasia; they believe thatShow MoreRelatedThe Euthanasia Debate1211 Words   |  5 Pagescontrolled medical environment. Similarly, physician assisted suicide (PAS) is when a patient requests a lethal prescription from a doctor or pharmacist to end their life before a fatal disease does. The two are akin to each other and are almost interchangeable in definitions. Being a highly controversial topic, there is a plethora of arguments surrounding PAS, all very emotionally driven and opinionated. There are those who firmly believe that euthanasia should be legal, pointing to morality and ethics toRead MoreThe Hippocratic Oath Of Medical Ethics Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesancient times in Greece. While, he was extremely knowledgeable about medicine and medical practices, he showed a profound insight in ethics. Because of this, doctors all around the world have looked to his oath as the guiding principles every docto r should strive to hold him or herself to. Moreover, some of the best doctors have held themselves to these standards. We have seen exceptionally passionate and caring doctors part in fact because they were guided by these principles. So, the sort of ethicalRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Physician Assisted Suicide1566 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion of when? You ve said your farewells. Presently in the event that you had the opportunity to pick how your life finished, how would you choose it? In physician assisted suicide, the option to end a patient’s life is provided to a patient with knowledge of the patient s intention. Unlike euthanasia, in physician assisted suicide, physicians makes death accessible, but does not specifically regulate the death (Broeckaert 1). Euthanasia is putting someone to death who is suffering from a painRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1536 Words   |  7 Pagesimmunodeficiency syndrome (Back et al. 919). This study also uncovered that †Å"the patient concerns most often perceived by physicians were worries about loss of control, being a burden, being dependent on others for personal care, and loss of dignity† (Back et al. 919). Although some argue that euthanasia is the best way to die for terminally-ill patients, it should be banned because its regulation will yield complex and unwelcome ramifications. Euthanasia has a very complex and extensive historyRead MoreThe Controversy Of The Practice Of Euthanasia1605 Words   |  7 Pageseuthanasia is in my opinion a mercy and should not be banned because in reality it doesn’t physically hurt anyone. You could say it hurts the patient but then again that patient is already in tremendous pain or in an incapacitated state of no recovery, as in paralyzed or brain damage etc., so in reality it would actually help them by assisting ending their pain by assisted suicide. A doctors job is also always help their patients and the practice of assisted suicide in many ways is actually helping theRead MoreEssay about Outlaw Euthanasia and Assisted Suicides1472 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia and Assisted Suicides The people of the world today are constantly slammed with problems. There’s overpopulated countries, starving children, incurable diseases, and poverty. There’re drunk drivers on the road, burglars in our homes, and teenagers on the streets. No matter how many positive aspects you can think of for our world, these problems and many more exist. You can try to block them out, or you can strive to make them better. My proposal is to end euthanasia and physician assistedRead MorePhysician Assisted Death For The Terminally Ill1601 Words   |  7 Pages University Name Name of The Institute Course Title A Report on Physician assisted death for the terminally ill in US Student Name Introduction In United States, Euthanasia  is a highly controversial subject among politicians, legislators and society members. Just the mention of this issue polarizes different groups on opposing ends as some either support it and others want to keep it illegal and unlawful(Steck, Egger, Maessen, Reisch, Zwahlen, 2013). The main ideology that is discussedRead MoreThe Killer of Hope: Euthanasia1076 Words   |  4 Pagessolution when there is hope? Take a second and think about how will a one say goodbye to the ones he love? The answer is obvious, it is impossible to let go of those we love. Hence, one should keep an open mind to the following lines whether you are against or for Euthanasia. Euthanasia or so called physician assisted death stand for intended cessation of person’s life at situation of terminal illness. This is done by either by proposing a fatal drug or withdrawing life-supporting therapy in order toRead MoreEssay On Death With Dignity Act1398 Words   |  6 Pagesare given a list of steps that must be fulfilled. Once a patient in Oregon is granted permission to die via physician assisted suicide, they are given specific medication in which help them end their life quickly. Since Oregon has legalized this, over 70 patients have participated and the number continues to grow. More and more states are pushing to get the legalization of assisted suicide, in order for patients from all over the United States to be able to end their life with doctor’s assistanceRead MoreEuthanasia is NOT Ethical or Moral Essays1046 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Oxford Dictionary, euthanasia is a medically assisted death; painlessly killing a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease. Euthanasia usually allows the medical doctor to be in charge of giving the option of death to the patient or asking the patient’s relatives to euthanize the patient. Many victims of euthanasia involve the elderly or newborn infants. Euthanasia is unet hical, impacting negatively the lives of many people. Euthanasia is still performed, even

Nursing Care Case Study for Diagnostic Procedures -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNursing Care Case Study for Diagnostic Procedures. Answer: Introduction Type I diabetes is a chronic diseases which is characterised by increased high blood pressure referred to as hyperglycaemia. It is autoimmune disease which often results on the attack of pancreatic better cells produced by insulin. Lack of adequate insulin, leads to rise in blood glucose, many children are affected by type 1 diabetes, due to the body inactivity to produce insulin. This leads to breaking down of fats to be used as an alternate source of energy, these results into release of ketones, (Atkinson, 2014 pp. 70). The child in the case study has depicted this characteristics couple with increased thirst and urination. Thus this review assesses the diagnostic procedures suitable for the patient and nursing approach in managing type 1 diabetes. Diagnostic procedures of Type 1 Diabetes Type I diabetes is often diagnosed suddenly or unexpectedly. The disease often presents with symptoms that appear as cold or flu. Its initial presentation is characterised by flu or malaise but medical practitioners often spot the signs quickly and request for additional tests. Glycated haemoglobin tests, (A1C) The blood tests in this diagnostic indicate the average blood sugar level for the last 2-3 months. It is useful in measuring the percentage of blood sugar which is present in the oxygen carrying capacity in haemoglobin. The higher blood sugar often has more haemoglobin with sugar attachment. A1C of 6.5% or more in two independent tests is an indicative of diabetes, (Chiang et al, 2014 pp. 2040). Random blood sugar tests The blood sample can be taken at random times which may be confined with repeated tests. Values are expressed in milligrams per decilirter- mg/Dl or millimolesper litter- mmol/L .random blood sugar tests of 200mg/Dl or 11.1 mmol/L or higher are often an indicative of diabetes. When it is compounded with symptoms such as urination and extreme thirst as for the child in the case study confirms the prognosis. Fasting blood sugar tests This involves taking blood samples which are taken over night. A fasting blood sugar which is less than 100mg/Dl or 5.6 mmol/L shows normal levels. Fasting blood sugar level from 100-125mg/Dl or 5.6-6.9mmol/L shows a pre diabetes stage, while readings of 126 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L shows diabetes stage, (Orchard et al, 2015, pp 50). Ongoing monitoring of blood sugar levels is key in diagnosing type 1diabetes. Fasting blood glucose is key in assessing how the body tolerates blood glucose levels fasting night. It gives an overview of how the body works without food impact. Oral glucose tolerant further is essential, in that people take blood tests, by drinking sugar and then measuring their blood sugar over period of two hours. This is an indicative measure of benchmarking the tolerance of sugar in the body, and how carbohydrates re are treated in the body. Random blood sugar testing is essential in assessing the current status of blood sugar levels of the patient. It is the first tests taken by doctors to assess elevation. After diabetes diagnosis, assessment of A1C levels are assessed, as they vary depending on the age, making comparisons with various tests provides effective management plan. Further to complement the diagnostic tests, blood and urine samples will be regularly assessed to check the cholesterol levels, functionality of thyroid, kidney and liver functions, (Santin et al, 2015, pp. 35). Path physiology of type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes is chronic diseases affecting the autoimmune system which occurs as susceptible individual which may be further compounded by environmental factors. The immune system is triggered by the development of auto immune response which is against beta cell antigens or molecules which develop the autoimmune response against the beta cell antigens of pancreas. Is approximated that 85% of type 1 diabetes have circulating islet, which majority of the patients have detectable anti insulin antibodies, which are against the glutamic acid decarboxylase in the pancreatic cells, (Dabelea et al, 2017 pp. 828-830). Various scenarios have been put forward on the development of type 1 diabetes. Environmental triggers have been shown to trigger and induce islet autoimmunity and beta cell death, which leads to sequence of pre diabetic stage and eventual onset of type 1 diabetes. In wide variations of time between the autoimmunity and clinical onset of type 1 diabetes, have been shown to be present in the interactions of genetic factors and environmental factors which contribute to the diseases. In clinical cases type 1 diabetes occurs due to the circulating insulin which is low or not available in plasma glucagon or elevated in , there is failure of pancreatic cells in responding to insulin secretory stimuli. The pancreas exhibit lymphocytic infiltration and destruction which leads to failure of the cells which secrete the insulin in the langerhands islets, which causes insulin deficiency. The observed deficiency of insulin causes many physiological processes which is characterised by the destruction and disruption of glucose uptake. In extremes cases insulin deficiency leads to osmosis diuresis and dehydration effects, which lead to elevated diabetic keto acidosis which is life threatening, (Russell et al, 2014 pp. 315-320). The role of insulin is critical in the body, once the cells of islets are destroyed, less insulin is produced. The pancreas produces insulin which is released into the blood, the released insulin is circulated into the body allowing the sugar to enter cells. The effect of insulin thus lowers the amount of sugar in the body. On the other hand the role of glucose is to be stored in the liver as glycogen. When there are low levels of glucose, the liver functions by breaking down the glycogen stored as glucose and keep the glucose within normal ranges. Associated risks factors with type 1 diabetes are often family history, genetics, and geography of the person and the age of the individual. In the case the case study the individual is under age fourteen, with prevalent obesity children between 4-14 years. If left un managed type i diabetes can be life threatening in that it can cause complications to other organs in the body, which include heart, eyes, kidneys and nerves, blood vessels. Type i diabetes affects the normal functioning of the heart causing problems on the cardiovascular problems, which include coronary heart diseases, chest pains, strokes and even heart attacks, (Lind et al, 2014 pp. 1972). Further it causes nerve damage in a condition referred to as neuropathy. High sugar levels in the wall of the blood vessels, which causes tingling, numbing or pain sensations. Damage to the nerves is danger to the gastrointestinal tracts which affect the nasal tract. Damage to kidneys is prevalent in chronic diabetes stage. It damages the filtration system of the body, which leads to severe kidney damage leading to irreversible stage of kidney damage. Further foot and eye damage can be affected with diabetes. In foot, it leads to nerve damage which increases foot complications. Eye damage leads to destruction to the retina which cases partial blindness, (Chamberlain et al, 2016 pp. 545). Thus if care is not taken cared for the patient, he might be at risks of developing the above mentioned risk factors. Thus adequate diagnostic management is key in managing the associated risks with type 1 diabetes. Nursing care plan Medical management Type 1 diabetes has no known cure. The focus of management is to control the serum glucose level which function by delaying development of complications. Individuals with type diabetes often use subcutaneous injection of insulin for slow administration. Insulin treatments Due to the inability of the body not to produce insulin, there is need for insulin management. Insulin can be sourced from different preparations, these include; Insulin injections Nursing care plan will entail administering insulin injection to the body. The body cannot take in of tables due to the inability of the stomachs to digest it. Insulin injections are administered using syringe or an injection called auto injector, (Thabit et al 2015 pp 2135). Insulin pump therapy This is another alternative to insulin injection. Insulin pump is a small device which holds the insulin. The pump is injected with the needle at the end which is administered on the skin. This pump allows for insulin to have a smooth flow into the bloodstream at a controllable rate. This calls for close monitoring of the blood sugar levels closely. Insulin pump is effective for the patient in the case study as far as there is adult supervision. Insulin jet system This is a new system which you can inject insulin into the body without the use of any needle to the patient. Nursing care can utilises this technique, as it is administered through the stomach, buttock or the thighs. This method is key in ensuring small stream of insulin is administered subcutaneously. The insulin thus travels at high speed into the skin surface, (Herring et al, 2016 pp. 1235). Dietary management Dietary management of type 1 diabetes entails distribution of nutrient and calories throughout the day. The intake of daily calories is geared towards getting at most 50% of carbohydrates with 30% fat while the remainder is protein. The total caloric intake for the patient will be assessed based on the age , weight and physical activity level of the patient, (Bell et al, 2015 pp 1014). Selection of appropriate caloric allotment is key in ensuring that they get balanced diet which is based on their age, body size and activity level. The need for physical; activity is key in that it ensures increase in cellular activity to insulin, which improves the tolerance level of glucose and weight loss. Engaging in physical exercise for this patient is key in ensuring that they are concerned of their health status, (Inzucchi et al, 2015 pp 145). Pharmacological protocols In the instance when the diet, exercise and healthy weight maintenance are not enough, patients can be offered help of medication. These medication approaches as highlighted above include insulin. The patient having type 1 diabetes needs to ensure adherence to insulin therapy on a daily basis to replenish the gap created by the pancreas. Due to the inability for taking insulin as a tablet, there is need for physical injection. Common insulin medication suitable for the patient is the synthetic human insulin, which prepared through lab process. The synthetic insulin dont offer the same traits and mimic which the normal insulin does, but does the same effects on the body, (Atkinson, Eisenbarth Michels, 2014 pp. 70). Nursing intervention Nursing intervention is key in ensuring adequate care process for the type 1 diabetic patient. The following key points are beneficial in ensuring effective care process for the patient; In order to administered effective care process for the patient, advising the patient on individualized meal plan and weight loss management is key in order to compliment compliance efforts. There is need to explain to the patient caregiver on the procedure for insulin self regulation injection Advising the patient caregiver on the importance and the need for maintaining and reducing weight for the child. Providing advice on the patient on assessment of blood glucose level after strenuous activity and ensuring that the child gets adequate carbohydrates and snacks to avoid hypoglycaemia Ensuring adequate dosage intake for the medications for the patient with the help of the caregiver. Discharge care plan As part of nursing care process, there is need for effective discharge care plan for the patient. Advice for the caregiver of the child is to ensure adequate medication and appropriate administration of insulin. Adherence of diet plan is key in ensuring that adjusts on the needs of the body. Appropriate insulin injection for the patient should be adhered to. Further regular blood and urine checking is key in ensuring that blood sugar levels are kept and normal ranges. This is a precautionary measure, which any variations lead to consultation to the physician. Appropriate skin care and ensuring minimization of skin injuries for the child is essential, (ADA, 2017 pp. 97). Conclusion Type 1 diabetes also referred to as child hood diabetes is significant with the loss of effective use of insulin in the body. It is as a result of excess body weight and reduced physical activity which hinders the function of the pancreases in releasing the insulin. Ensuring adequate diagnostic procedures and following of treatment plan is effective in managing the patient in the case study. Appropriate and adherence of nursing care procedures is key in ensuring that the adverse effects associated to type 1 diabetes are minimised. Thus appropriate following of medication protocol, diet planning, physical exercises and blood testing are key steps in ensuring effective management of the disease for the patient. References American Diabetes Association, 2015. Standards of medical care in diabetes2015 abridged for primary care providers. Clinical diabetes: a publication of the American Diabetes Association, 33(2), p.97. Atkinson, M.A., Eisenbarth, G.S. and Michels, A.W., 2014. Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet, 383(9911), pp.69-82. Atkinson, M.A., Eisenbarth, G.S. and Michels, A.W., 2014. Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet, 383(9911), pp.69-82. Bell, K.J., Smart, C.E., Steil, G.M., Brand-Miller, J.C., King, B. and Wolpert, H.A., 2015. Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era. Diabetes Care, 38(6), pp.1008-1015. Chamberlain, J.J., Rhinehart, A.S., Shaefer, C.F. and Neuman, A., 2016. Diagnosis and management of diabetes: synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association standards of medical care in diabetes. Annals of internal medicine, 164(8), pp.542-552. Chiang, J.L., Kirkman, M.S., Laffel, L.M. and Peters, A.L., 2014. Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 37(7), pp.2034-2054. Dabelea, D., Stafford, J.M., Mayer-Davis, E.J., DAgostino, R., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G., Linder, B., Lawrence, J.M., Marcovina, S.M., Mottl, A.K. and Black, M.H., 2017. Association of type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood. Jama, 317(8), pp.825-835. Hering, B.J., Clarke, W.R., Bridges, N.D., Eggerman, T.L., Alejandro, R., Bellin, M.D., Chaloner, K., Czarniecki, C.W., Goldstein, J.S., Hunsicker, L.G. and Kaufman, D.B., 2016. Phase 3 trial of transplantation of human islets in type 1 diabetes complicated by severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes care, 39(7), pp.1230-1240. Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R., 2015. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes care, 38(1), pp.140-149. Lind, M., Svensson, A.M., Kosiborod, M., Gudbjrnsdottir, S., Pivodic, A., Wedel, H., Dahlqvist, S., Clements, M. and Rosengren, A., 2014. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(21), pp.1972-1982. Orchard, T.J., Nathan, D.M., Zinman, B., Cleary, P., Brillon, D., Backlund, J.Y.C. and Lachin, J.M., 2015. Association between 7 years of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes and long-term mortality. Jama, 313(1), pp.45-53. Russell, S.J., El-Khatib, F.H., Sinha, M., Magyar, K.L., McKeon, K., Goergen, L.G., Balliro, C., Hillard, M.A., Nathan, D.M. and Damiano, E.R., 2014. Outpatient glycemic control with a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(4), pp.313-325. Santin, I., Dos Santos, R.S. and Eizirik, D.L., 2015. Pancreatic beta cell survival and signaling pathways: effects of type 1 diabetes-associated genetic variants. In Type-1 Diabetes (pp. 21-54). Humana Press, New York, NY. Thabit, H., Tauschmann, M., Allen, J.M., Leelarathna, L., Hartnell, S., Wilinska, M.E., Acerini, C.L., Dellweg, S., Benesch, C., Heinemann, L. and Mader, J.K., 2015. Home use of an artificial beta cell in type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(22), pp.2129-2140.

Matsushita and japans changing culture free essay sample

Established in 1920, the consumer electronics giant Panasonic was at the forefront of the rise of Japan to the status of major economic power during the 1970s and 1980s (before 2009 Panasonic was known as Matsushita). Like many other long-standing Japanese businesses, Panasonic was regarded as a bastion of traditional Japanese values based on strong group identification, reciprocal obligations, and loyalty to the company. Several commentators attributed Panasonic’s success, and that of the Japanese economy, to the existence of Confucian values in the workplace. At Panasonic, employees were taken care of by the company from â€Å"cradle to the grave.† Panasonic provided them with a wide range of benefits including cheap housing, guaranteed lifetime employment, seniority-based pay systems, and generous retirement bonuses. In return, Panasonic expected, and got, loyalty and hard work from its employees. To Japan’s postwar generation, struggling to recover from the humiliation of defeat, it seemed like a fair bargain. We will write a custom essay sample on Matsushita and japans changing culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The employees worked hard for the greater good of Panasonic, and Panasonic reciprocated by bestowing â€Å"blessings† on employees. However, culture does not stay constant. According to some observers, the generation born after 1964 lacked the same commitment to traditional Japanese values as their parents. They grew up in a world that was richer, where Western ideas were beginning to make themselves felt, and where the possibilities seemed greater. They did not want to be tied to a company for life, to be a â€Å"salaryman.† These trends came to the fore in the 1990s when the Japanese economy entered a prolonged economic slump. As the decade progressed, one Japanese firm after another was forced to change its traditional ways of doing business. Slowly at first, troubled companies started to lay off older workers, effectively abandoning lifetime employment guarantees. As younger people saw this happening, they concluded that loyalty to a company might not be reciprocated, effectively undermining one of the central bargains made in postwar Japan. Panasonic was one of the last companies to turn its back on Japanese traditions, but in 1998, after years of poor performance, it began to modify traditional practices. The principle agents of change were a group of managers who had extensive experience in Panasonic’s overseas operations, and included Kunio Nakamura, who became the chief executive of Panasonic in 2000. First, Panasonic changed the pay scheme for its 11,000 managers.