Anti-hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate (AN)

Anti-hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate (AN) Anti-hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate (AN) coated by surfactant materials Baha Eldien Ismail Abd Allah Elzaki1,2, Zhang Yue Jun2 Abstract The ammonium nitrate (AN) particles were coated by surfactant materials, using precipitation coating method. The hygroscopicity of AN coated and AN without coating (used as control) were tested, and the samples of AN coated by surfactant materials, and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and surface morphology of samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mass friction of coating layer, and decline of absorption rate were calculated. The results indicate that cetylalcohol promising coating surfactant material for AN among the materials tested, namely, stearic acid, octadecylamine, alcohol, palmitic acid, and lauric acid. The mass friction of coating layer, and decline of absorption rate of AN coated by cetylalcohol were 0.98%, and 28.28%, respectively. The idea and approach presented in this paper have potential to made hydrophobic surface on the surface of AN particles to become anti-hygroscopicity. and also used in other energetic materials t o reduce sensitivity. Keywords: Ammonium nitrate (AN); Hygroscopicity; Anti-hygroscopicity; Surfactant materials, Precipitation coating Introduction: Ammonium nitrate (AN) (NH4NO3), is produced by the reaction of anhydrous ammonia gas(NH3), and aqueous nitric acid (HNO3) [1, 2]. Which is present as the major component in most industrial explosives, such as amatol, ANFO, and also used in fertilizers[3-6]. AN is of considerable interest as potential eco- friend oxidizing in solid propellants[2, 7-9]. The risks of used oxidizer ammonium perchlorate (AP) in solid propellants was realized with the hydrogen chloride (HCL) with water form hydrochloric acid which produces highly toxic smoke, this cause significant damage to the environment, due this is reason replaced by AN as oxidizer in solid propellants[10, 11]. It is one of the cheapest, and easily available oxidizer. However, its use in large rocket motors and as solid propellants is restricted due to the hygroscopicity[12]. The molecules of AN are polar it easy absorb the polar moisture from the surrounding, leads to dissolved AN[13]. R.S. Damse used waterproofing materials mineral jelly and other to reduce hygroscopicity of AN[14]. Kun-Lun Hu et.at., used octadecane amine, resin wax and etc as coating agent for coating AN particles (20- 04 meshes), used melting process. Zhang et.al. used silane coupling agent KH792 for coating AN particles (50-75 meshes), used surface chemical coating[15]. The present work deals with a new approach to form the hydrophobic layer on the surface AN particles, by precipitation surfactant materials on the surface of AN molecules. to increase the decline of absorption rate, and decrease mass friction of coating layer, in the conditions of absorption rate measurement, the size of particles of AN are 70-140 meshes, temperature is 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, and the relative humidity is 67.5%. Materials and Method: Materials: AN supplied by Kecheng fine chemical CO. Ltd (+99.0% Shanghai, China ), Trichloromethane (+99.0%, Shanghai Ling Feng Chemical Reagent Co. LTD , China), and Cyclohexane (≠¥99.5% Industrial development zone, Chengdu, China). Surfactant materials used AlcoholC18, Stearic Acid, Cetylalcohol, Palmic acid, and Lauric acid (≠¥99.0% Chengdu Kelong chemical Reagent , China), Octadecylamine (≠¥99%Tianjin Fine Chemical Research Institute). Method. 6g of AN coated by 2g of surfactant materials in 15ml chloroform and 15ml cyclohexane. The reaction with stirring at 60oC about 2 h stopped heat, let the reaction contents cooling, the temperature decreasing to 35oC in 5 h, at this stage the water of bath heating was changed, and when the temperature reach to 30oC, the end of reaction. AN coated was filtered by vacuum filter, and drying at 50oC, after drying 5g of AN coated tested at35à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, humidity is 67.5% absorption rate test 24h Measurement of absorption rate. The samples were weighed 5g in 30Ãâ€"60 mm weighing bottle without cap, placed in a desiccator containing saturated solution of strontium chloride (relative humidity 68%) of the absorbent 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ 24 h, absorption rate of humidity HR was measured by the following equation: Where: HR- absorption rate,%; M0 absorbent sample before mass, g; M mass of the sample after the moisture, g. Mass fraction of coating layer test. Mass friction of coating layer was determined by wetted the filtration paper, dried 1h in an oven weighting (WB). A sample of AN coated after absorption humidity was dissolved in water, and filtered through a tapered funnel, the filter paper was washed by water several times, and placed in an oven 1h, weighing again(WA). The mass fraction of the coating layer was calculated by the following equation: Where: W- mass fraction of coating layer,%. M0 mass of sample before absorbed moisture, g. M1 mass of coating layer, g= WA WB Decline of moisture absorption rate was calculated by following equation: Where: A- decline of moisture absorption rate,%. HR1 absorption rate of AN sample,%. HR2 absorption rate of coated AN sample,%. Characterization. Spectra of the samples were recorded on a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Nicolet I S10, Thermo Fisher USA) by using KBr pellets. Surfaces modified were observed for their morphological study under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL JSM 6380LV, Japan). Results and Discussion The absorption rate , mass friction of coating layer and decline of AN coated by different kind of surfactant materials are presented in table 1, in this table used cetylalcohol, alcohol C18, octadecylamine, stearic acid, Palmitic acid, and lauric acid to coated AN , the data from hygroscopicity test clearly indicate that cetylalcohol is the best surfactant materials to coating AN lower mass friction of coating layer was 0.98%, and high decline of absorption rate was 28.28%. Stearic acid and octadecylamine were found second and third best, respectively, while alcohol C18, Palmitic acid and lauric acid followed the order sequentially (table 1). It is seen that when change the concentration of solvents, the decline of absorption rate of AN coated by cetylalcohol, stearic acid, and octadecylamine were slightly decreased, and the decline of AN coated by alcohol C18, Palmitic acid, and Lauric acid were slightly increased (table 2). Also the best coating surfactant materials is cetylalcoho l, has highly decline was 24.09%, and lower mass friction coating layer was 0.89%. Table (1) 2g of surfactant materials, 6 g of AN, 15 mL of chloroform + 15 mL cyclohexane HR measurement conditions (70 mesh 140 mesh or more T = 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ humidity is 67.5%) No Surfactants Absorption Rate % Mass friction of coating layer% Decline % 1 Cetylalcohol 5.85 0.98 28.28 2 Stearic acid 6.45 1.20 19.89 3 Octadecylamine 7.71 1.18 19.62 4 Alcohol C18 6.42 0.39 13.13 5 Palmitic acid 6.11 1.14 3.52 6 Lauric acid 6.24 0.87 3.79 Table (2) 2g of surfactant materials, 6 g of AN, 30 mL of chloroform, at 60oC, HR measurement conditions (70 mesh 140 mesh or more T = 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ humidity is 67.5%). No. surfactants Hygroscopicity (HR) % Mass friction of coating layer% Decline % 1 Cetylalcohol 5.61 0.89 24.09 2 Stearic acid 6.39 2.56 13.53 3 Octadecylamine 6.42 2.23 13.13 4 Alcohol C18 6.12 1.48 17.19 5 Palmitic acid 6.21 0.46 15.97 6 Lauric acid 6.17 0.48 16.51 In figure 1 observed the effect of time on hygroscopicity of AN coated by surfactant materials (cetylalcohol (a), alcohol C18(b), and stearic acid(c)) and AN without coating (d) were tested in the hygroscopicity test conditions were size of particles of AN were 70-140 meshes, temperature was 35 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, and the relative humidity was 67.5%. The absorption rate directly proportional with time. The lowest regression was obtained from AN coated by cetylalcohol (a), and the highest regression was obtained from AN without coating(d). The absorption rate of AN coated by cetylalcohol is significant than reported in Previous studies[16, 17]. Figure (1) effect of time on the hygroscopicity (Absorption rate) of AN coated by cetylalcohol (a), alcohol C18 (b), stearic acid (c), and AN without coated (d) The influence of the amount of surfactant materials on the decline of absorption rate and mass friction of coating layer were studies on the AN coated by different amounts of cetylalcohol, (0.5, 1.0 1.5, 2.0. and 2.5 g), the regression of decline of absorption rate was increased to high value at 2.0 g of cetylalcohol, then decreased at 2.5g of cetylalcohol, this is due to polar head of surfactant not precipitated on the surface of AN particles, and this causes hydrophilic surface leads to increased hygroscopicity, thus, decreased decline of absorption rate. The mass friction of coating layer directly proportional with the amount of surfactant materials(figure 2). This results significant than results reported in literature[18, 19]. Figure (2) effect of amount of surfactants materials on the absorption rate and mass friction of coating layer. In the measurement of absorption rate used 30Ãâ€"60 mm weighing bottle without cap, the effect of amount of sample in this bottle was studied, the weight of samples were tested 10, 15, 20, and 25 g. The regression of absorption rate is inversely proportional to the weight of the sample, in the both AN coated by cetylalcohol, and AN without coating (figure 3). Figure (3) effect of weight of samples on the absorption rate Characterization: FTIR Absorption Spectra. The surface modified of AN and AN without modified were monitored by using FTIR measurement as depicted in figure 4. Alkanes C-H stretch peak around 3000-2850 cm-1was appeared after coating AN by cetylalcohol (a), higher than AN by alcohol C18, and steric acid in (b) and (d), respectively. Alkanes no appeared in AN without coating in (c). Hence, alkenes non polar has effected on hygroscopicity. Figure 4 FTIR spectra of the ammonium nitrate coated by cetylalcohol (a); ammonium nitrate coated by alcohol C18 (b); ammonium nitrate without coating (c); ammonium nitrate coated by steric acid (d). Scanning Electron Microscopy. The surface morphology in figure (5) presented the AN coated by cetylalcohol has a clear difference in shape particles and the surface smooth than, AN coated by stearic acid (figure 6), octadecylamine(figure 7) , and alcohol C18(figure 8), and ammonium nitrate without coating were observed in figure 9. Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope of surface modification of AN coated by cetylalcohol. The scale bar represents,100 µm. Electron micrographs. Figure 6. Scanning electron microscope of surface modification of AN coated by stearic acid. The scale bar represents, 100 µm. Electron micrographs. Figure 7. Scanning electron microscope of surface modification of AN coated by Octadecylamine. The scale bar represents, 100 µm. Electron micrographs. Figure 8. Scanning electron microscope of surface modification of AN coated by alcohol C18. The scale bar represents, 100 µm. Electron micrographs. Figure 9. Scanning electron microscope of surface of AN without coating. The scale bar represents, 100 µm. Electron micrographs. Conclusions. In this study the cetylalcohol has been found to be the best surfactant materials for coating ammonium nitrate among the materials tested. The mass friction of coating layer of cetylalcohol was found 0.98%, and decline 28.28%, at the hygroscopicity test conditions temperature 30oC, 68% RH, and time 24h. the optimum amount of surfactant material 2g to coating 6g Ammonium nitrate. The samples were characterized by using FTIR spectra, and SEM. The weight of samples in hygroscopicity test effected significantly on the hygroscopicity of AN.

Personal name

They should contain your name and position title, contact number, email address and website address. If possible, your business name, logo and services or products also should be listed. It is common practice to have a double-sided card in the U. K. With the business details on the front and the personal contact details on the back 2. Shaking hands Shaking hands is a common form of greeting A handshake Is standard for business occasions and when visiting a home. Women do not always shake hands.In business, a light handshake Is standard. When vaulting a home, a handshake Is proper; however, a handshake Is not always correct at social occasions. Observe what others do. In the UK it is usually a single right hand that does the shaking. Very few people shake with their left hand and it is deemed rude to offer your hand without taking your glove off first. 3. Bowing 4. Kissing 5. Being formal or informal 6. Punctuality Punctuality is paramount. You should always arrive for an appointment/ meeting on time, maybe even five minutes early.If you are going to be late, telephone and give a time when you expect you will arrive. 7. Humor Do not make jokes about the royal family. 8. Eye contact The British often do not look at the other person while they talk. Maintain eye contact during the greeting. 9. Socializing with contacts The best way to make contact with senior executives is through a third party. It is not appropriate to have this same third party Intervene later If problems arise. While business dinners are becoming less common, business breakfasts are gaining In popularity.Work Is often discussed during business breakfasts and lunches, although these can also be used as an opportunity for general small talk to get to now your colleagues better and build up a good working relationship Meetings usually open with a fair amount of small talks, in order to create a warm, positive climate conducive to working well together. They last within 5-10 minutes before meetings Animals are usually a good topic of conversation. 11 . Accepting interruption 12. Giving presents Giving gifts in a business setting is not very common.When they are given, thank you gifts are usually small symbolic items such as diaries, pens, champagne, etc. Gifts should not seem inappropriately expensive. Also, gifts are usually given at the conclusion of something, such as a project, to mark the occasion or as a thank you. Rather than giving gifts, it is preferable to invite your hosts out for a meal or a show. When you are invited to an English home, you may bring flowers (not white lilies, which signify death), liquor or champagne, and chocolates. Send a brief, handwritten thank- you note promptly afterward, preferably by mail or e-mail-?not by messenger.When bringing flowers, consult with the florist about the appropriate type and umber. 13. Being direct (saying exactly what you think) 14. Using first name When greeting people in the I-J, wait to use first names until the oth er person uses yours or asks you to call them by their first name. The response you give to an introduction should have the same level of formality as the introduction itself. However, British business etiquette is becoming more informal and first names are often used right away The use of first names is becoming more common. However, you should follow the initiative of your host.

Knowledge is power

In Today's society there is a debate over which is best. The knowledge you acquire from life experiences or the knowledge you obtain in school. In † Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. He discusses his experience of how he taught himself how to read and write while incarcerated, and how he learned more through his self learning then he ever did in school. In â€Å"Sophie's World† by Jostles Gardner. Sophie gets these strange letters in the mail from a mysterious man teaching her to question her very existence ND not to conform into believing what interest someone else.In â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan† by Carols Castanets. Don Juan teaches Carols Castanets that to be a true man of knowledge one must defeat man's natural enemies. Although many individuals might have different opinions on what they consider their most Important lesson that they would share, I consider the power of knowledge to be the most significant lesson one can learn because the power of kno wledge can help one overcome all odds, knowledge also gives us the ability to to look at the world in a ore omniscient view, also knowledge can give us the power to defeat man's natural enemies.In â€Å"Learning to Read†, The fact that Malcolm AAAS incarcerated did not stop him in becoming the influential man he was in his day. Instead of wasting his life away by being unproductive with his time, he chose to expand and enlightened his mind with the likes of education and will power. While Malcolm X was In Charleston prison, he stated that he was envious of the fact that a fellow inmate had a vast amount of knowledge. Immediately, Malcolm X began an Intensive study by reading the cautionary from beginning to end and reading every single day multiple times a day.This allowed him to take the right path In his life against the odds by making him wiser about his decisions with the newfound knowledge he obtained through self education. Taking the right path is an individual discove ry that's based on what is best for a person in their situation. The whole point of taking the right path against the odds is to learn from one's mistakes and instead of veering off to a path of destruction; one could walk onto a path of fruitfulness by grasping the positive points n their life and dismissing the negative.Next in the book â€Å"Sophie's world† an anonymous person sends Sophie letters basically about broadening her mind to all the world's possibilities and interest that other people have beside her own. It is important to be well rounded and knowledgeable about all topics and not Just the topics that Interest someone. Learning and having knowledge about subjects, hobbles and the mechanics of life enables a person to better understand how everything functions and oneself In the process.The power of knowledge also lets someone look at the world in a more ere written to Sophie gave her more of an object view on life because they pointed many other aspects of the world rather than her own. And in â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan†. Don Juan said that in order to be a â€Å"man of knowledge† one must challenge and defeat his natural enemies. One of the enemies he discussed is fear. Fear keeps a man from knowledge because it makes him run away from knowledge. The consequences of first having the knowledge in the first place is what makes a man fearful.For example, during the asses when slavery was legal in the U. S. , slaves were forbidden to read or write and any inclination from the master of the slave doing so would have resulted in the slave being beat severely or some cases beat to death. Many slaves chose to submit to their master by not having knowledge of reading and writing because they were afraid of being caught and beaten. Fear prevents a person with going further in knowledge by suppressing and weakening their mind. Don Juan encourages the notion to fight against fear because the power of knowledge is greater than any fear imaginable.Given these points I believe the power of knowledge is the most significant lesson one can learn because it teaches one to rise above being average and Just existing. Malcolm X used his power of knowledge to overcome the odds he was dealt with to become a more productive and wise person in society. The letters Sophie was receiving broadened her mind and not to questioning the existence of life and conform to everybody else's ideas. Ultimately, Don Juan used the power of knowledge to fight against his own fears and achieve greatness in his own life through that power. Knowledge is power In Today's society there is a debate over which is best. The knowledge you acquire from life experiences or the knowledge you obtain in school. In † Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. He discusses his experience of how he taught himself how to read and write while incarcerated, and how he learned more through his self learning then he ever did in school. In â€Å"Sophie's World† by Jostles Gardner. Sophie gets these strange letters in the mail from a mysterious man teaching her to question her very existence ND not to conform into believing what interest someone else.In â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan† by Carols Castanets. Don Juan teaches Carols Castanets that to be a true man of knowledge one must defeat man's natural enemies. Although many individuals might have different opinions on what they consider their most Important lesson that they would share, I consider the power of knowledge to be the most significant lesson one can learn because the power of kno wledge can help one overcome all odds, knowledge also gives us the ability to to look at the world in a ore omniscient view, also knowledge can give us the power to defeat man's natural enemies.In â€Å"Learning to Read†, The fact that Malcolm AAAS incarcerated did not stop him in becoming the influential man he was in his day. Instead of wasting his life away by being unproductive with his time, he chose to expand and enlightened his mind with the likes of education and will power. While Malcolm X was In Charleston prison, he stated that he was envious of the fact that a fellow inmate had a vast amount of knowledge. Immediately, Malcolm X began an Intensive study by reading the cautionary from beginning to end and reading every single day multiple times a day.This allowed him to take the right path In his life against the odds by making him wiser about his decisions with the newfound knowledge he obtained through self education. Taking the right path is an individual discove ry that's based on what is best for a person in their situation. The whole point of taking the right path against the odds is to learn from one's mistakes and instead of veering off to a path of destruction; one could walk onto a path of fruitfulness by grasping the positive points n their life and dismissing the negative.Next in the book â€Å"Sophie's world† an anonymous person sends Sophie letters basically about broadening her mind to all the world's possibilities and interest that other people have beside her own. It is important to be well rounded and knowledgeable about all topics and not Just the topics that Interest someone. Learning and having knowledge about subjects, hobbles and the mechanics of life enables a person to better understand how everything functions and oneself In the process.The power of knowledge also lets someone look at the world in a more ere written to Sophie gave her more of an object view on life because they pointed many other aspects of the world rather than her own. And in â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan†. Don Juan said that in order to be a â€Å"man of knowledge† one must challenge and defeat his natural enemies. One of the enemies he discussed is fear. Fear keeps a man from knowledge because it makes him run away from knowledge. The consequences of first having the knowledge in the first place is what makes a man fearful.For example, during the asses when slavery was legal in the U. S. , slaves were forbidden to read or write and any inclination from the master of the slave doing so would have resulted in the slave being beat severely or some cases beat to death. Many slaves chose to submit to their master by not having knowledge of reading and writing because they were afraid of being caught and beaten. Fear prevents a person with going further in knowledge by suppressing and weakening their mind. Don Juan encourages the notion to fight against fear because the power of knowledge is greater than any fear imaginable.Given these points I believe the power of knowledge is the most significant lesson one can learn because it teaches one to rise above being average and Just existing. Malcolm X used his power of knowledge to overcome the odds he was dealt with to become a more productive and wise person in society. The letters Sophie was receiving broadened her mind and not to questioning the existence of life and conform to everybody else's ideas. Ultimately, Don Juan used the power of knowledge to fight against his own fears and achieve greatness in his own life through that power. Knowledge is power In Today's society there is a debate over which is best. The knowledge you acquire from life experiences or the knowledge you obtain in school. In † Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. He discusses his experience of how he taught himself how to read and write while incarcerated, and how he learned more through his self learning then he ever did in school. In â€Å"Sophie's World† by Jostles Gardner. Sophie gets these strange letters in the mail from a mysterious man teaching her to question her very existence ND not to conform into believing what interest someone else.In â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan† by Carols Castanets. Don Juan teaches Carols Castanets that to be a true man of knowledge one must defeat man's natural enemies. Although many individuals might have different opinions on what they consider their most Important lesson that they would share, I consider the power of knowledge to be the most significant lesson one can learn because the power of kno wledge can help one overcome all odds, knowledge also gives us the ability to to look at the world in a ore omniscient view, also knowledge can give us the power to defeat man's natural enemies.In â€Å"Learning to Read†, The fact that Malcolm AAAS incarcerated did not stop him in becoming the influential man he was in his day. Instead of wasting his life away by being unproductive with his time, he chose to expand and enlightened his mind with the likes of education and will power. While Malcolm X was In Charleston prison, he stated that he was envious of the fact that a fellow inmate had a vast amount of knowledge. Immediately, Malcolm X began an Intensive study by reading the cautionary from beginning to end and reading every single day multiple times a day.This allowed him to take the right path In his life against the odds by making him wiser about his decisions with the newfound knowledge he obtained through self education. Taking the right path is an individual discove ry that's based on what is best for a person in their situation. The whole point of taking the right path against the odds is to learn from one's mistakes and instead of veering off to a path of destruction; one could walk onto a path of fruitfulness by grasping the positive points n their life and dismissing the negative.Next in the book â€Å"Sophie's world† an anonymous person sends Sophie letters basically about broadening her mind to all the world's possibilities and interest that other people have beside her own. It is important to be well rounded and knowledgeable about all topics and not Just the topics that Interest someone. Learning and having knowledge about subjects, hobbles and the mechanics of life enables a person to better understand how everything functions and oneself In the process.The power of knowledge also lets someone look at the world in a more ere written to Sophie gave her more of an object view on life because they pointed many other aspects of the world rather than her own. And in â€Å"The Teachings of Don Juan†. Don Juan said that in order to be a â€Å"man of knowledge† one must challenge and defeat his natural enemies. One of the enemies he discussed is fear. Fear keeps a man from knowledge because it makes him run away from knowledge. The consequences of first having the knowledge in the first place is what makes a man fearful.For example, during the asses when slavery was legal in the U. S. , slaves were forbidden to read or write and any inclination from the master of the slave doing so would have resulted in the slave being beat severely or some cases beat to death. Many slaves chose to submit to their master by not having knowledge of reading and writing because they were afraid of being caught and beaten. Fear prevents a person with going further in knowledge by suppressing and weakening their mind. Don Juan encourages the notion to fight against fear because the power of knowledge is greater than any fear imaginable.Given these points I believe the power of knowledge is the most significant lesson one can learn because it teaches one to rise above being average and Just existing. Malcolm X used his power of knowledge to overcome the odds he was dealt with to become a more productive and wise person in society. The letters Sophie was receiving broadened her mind and not to questioning the existence of life and conform to everybody else's ideas. Ultimately, Don Juan used the power of knowledge to fight against his own fears and achieve greatness in his own life through that power. Knowledge is Power The differences in cultural beliefs and traditions resulted in the difficulty of Cambodian migrants in adjusting to the lifestyle in the United States. However, due to the way American culture affects the way these people live, gradual changes had been seen. It is through this that we see a shift in the perception of Cambodian refugees concerning different things. In the end, such redefinition of concepts and knowledge cemented the Southeast Asians into the American welfare state.Looking at the issue presented by Ong, there are indeed drastic changes and a gradual shift as far as knowledge is concerned within the parameters of refugees living in the United States. Seeing these there are two (2) ways in which the production of knowledge increased which in turn cemented the role of South East Asians in the region. First, is that it created an opportunity for the acculturation process to happen among Cambodian immigrants in the United States. Seeing the catastrophe in Cambodia, resident s sought to look for places that their security and stability can be assured. â€Å"By raising their arms, they elected to go to America, the home of freedom and wealth, far away from the demented Pol Pot regime, the chaos, poverty, and political uncertainty of Cambodia.† (Ong, 2003)The obvious problem that can be seen during the first entry of Cambodians in the United States was the issue of adjusting to the different norms and practices by the state. â€Å"The most obvious difficulties faced by Cambodian refugees in the United States have to do with intergenerational conflicts, shifting gender norms and opportunities, problems of economic marginalization, and problems of racial discrimination—all of which are mediated by state interventions in making these immigrants into â€Å"good citizens.† (AESonline.org, 2006) Though such case may be problematic, it solidified the information needed and the requirements set to become integrated into the state.Another pro blem within the realms of acculturation is the shifting of power by those who speak the language at to those who do not. â€Å"The change in power relations between parents and children led to children being frustrated with parents not being able to help them with homework.† (Vang, 2004, p.2) Another issue that can be analyzed in the situation is the role of both men and women particularly among Cambodian refugees. â€Å"For men and women, welfare dependency increased women’s power relative to men’s† (Vang, 2004, p.2)Also, there is the case of trying to cope and adjust to the service providers that caters to the services of both refugees and immigrants. â€Å"By having the right to intervene in domestic disputes and to set new norms of gender behavior, service workers were able to redefine refugee ethnicity morally, a process that also legitimized their professional domination over impoverished, disadvantaged, and racialized Americans† (Ong, p.167) This in turn created a spectrum of actions among the service providers as a means of acculturating the Cambodian immigrants/ refugees. â€Å"Similarly, the involvement of social workers in family life results for some in new opportunities for restructuring domestic gender and generational dynamics, whereas for others, it becomes a means of reinforcing traditional relations of hierarchy and community.The second reason is that the production of knowledge also legitimized the role of Cambodian refugees in the society. This means that these people, after the adjustment process became part of the overall dynamics and processes in the American society. â€Å"Such authority resulted in the refugees having to define and redefine themselves to â€Å"fit† into particular categories in order to obtain resources for survival.† (Vang, 2004, p.2)However, the legitimization only serves as a complement for every citizenry and for the part of the minority this means very little. Yes, such actions may seem beneficial in the way that they can acquire services from the welfare state, but overall the treatment among immigrants is the same as of blacks and other minorities. â€Å"It also appears that assumptions about the black and Hispanic underclass colored the teachers' expectations about the precariousness of the refugee's self-sufficiency, the limited kinds of jobs they could potentially fill, and their need for social discipline on arrival on the American mainland† (Ong, 2003, p.84)In the end, such knowledge of the situation paved the way for the development of new understandings and practices that is only unique to Cambodian refugees. It created a new avenue for changes that both showcased the good side and bad side of things. The dynamics of cultural activity are presented by Ong in the book and such creatively served the way Southeast Asians became part of the American society and culture.ReferencesAESonline.org. (2006) Buddha is Hiding: Refugee, Citi zenship, The New America.Ong, A. (2003) Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America. CaliforniaSeries in Public Anthropology, vol. 5. (Berkeley and London: University of California Press)Vang, C.Y. (2004) Buddha is Hiding: Refugee, Citizenship, The New America. Review.

Advertisement Analysis Essay - 1129 Words

Advertisement Analysis Expenditure on UK television advertising in 2002 was  £3.7 billion. This comes as no surprise considering the overwhelming effect advertising can have on its audience. Adverts can have an effect on our subconscious by using different techniques such as offering us not just a product, but a lifestyle. They give us motivation to buy a product: Wearing this perfume will make you more attractive, eating this food will make you funnier, your children will love you more if you buy them this toy. Every one of our emotions is played on so that we will feel obligated to buy the product. Personally, I think that the actual effect that advertising can have on society is†¦show more content†¦This brings me to my chosen adverts for comparison. Lancà ´me Paris Teint Rà ¨nergie Lift, Yves Saint Laurant-Eau de toilette, and Chanel. The first, Lancà ´me Paris Teint Rà ¨nergie Lift, is a foundation which claims to firm and reduce lines on your skin. It uses some copy but generally, the effect of the advert comes from the picture which takes up about two thirds of the A4 sized advert. The picture is of a woman tying the foundation to a rose with a piece of gossamer fabric. This picture is extremely persuasive and each object shown implies something different about the product. The woman pictured has very subdued make-up, the adverts intention is not to make her look exciting and full of personality like many make-up adverts, but to make her fresh faced and young to appeal to the correct target market- slightly older women perhaps entering their forties. The advert also uses a certain level of sophistication to reach this market. The woman is looking directly at her audience, her expression is confident and engaging to draw us in to the advert. The rose carries with it many connotations. The rose is generally associated with love and beauty. It implies youth and has a very powerful impact. 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